Overview
Most serial killings in America take on a life of their own through movies, books and documentaries. The crimes of Charles Manson, Jeffrey Dahmer and The Son of Sam are still well remembered years after they were committed. Yet there is one set of serial killings that has been almost completely forgotten and is rarely mentioned in popular culture. Which is odd, because it certainly seems to be pretty good evidence of Charles Manson's Helter Skelter, not to mention evidence that both Manson and the Zebra Killers are two sides of a CIA / FBI Hegelian operation run on behalf of the Elite.
The Zebra Killings occurred in the San Francisco bay area between 1972 and 1974 and left at least 71 people dead. They were dubbed the Zebra Killings because of the radio channel used by the police investigating the case (channel Z). The name would take on a more sinister meaning as it became apparent that a group of blacks was systematically stalking and killing whites simply because of the color of their skin.
The majority of the attacks were carried out by five members of a group within Louis Farrakhan's Nation of Islam called the "Death Angels." Jesse Lee Cooks, JC Simon, Larry Green, Manuel Moore and Anthony Harris were part of this group which believed that whites were created 3,000 years ago by a black mad scientist named Yacub who wanted a race of inferiors to rule over. Death Angels believed they could earn "points" towards going to heaven when they died if they killed whites. For them, whites were not human beings but "grafted snakes," "blue-eyed devils" and "white motherfuckers."
Howard describes the vicious and cowardly nature of the attacks, which were made at gunpoint and mostly carried out against women and weak or old men who could not fight back. The first victims in San Francisco were a couple named Richard and Quita Hague. The Hagues were out for an after dinner walk when they were abducted at gunpoint and forced into a van. They were bound and Richard was beaten over the head with a lug wrench and knocked unconscious. Quita was sexually molested and hacked with a machete. While begging for her life she was decapitated. Before leaving, the attackers hacked at the face of the still unconscious man. Miraculously, he survived and was able to give valuable information to the police.
Brutality and a lack of remorse on the part of the criminals mark the attacks. Vincent Wollin was shot in the back and killed on his 69th birthday. Mildred Hosler, an obese, older woman was shot while frantically trying to get away from her younger, faster attacker. Ilario Bertucci, a 135-pound, 81-year-old man, was killed while walking home from work. Marietta DiGirolamo, a 5'1" white woman was shot and killed on her way to a neighborhood bar. In none of these cases did the victims do anything to provoke the murderers. They simply had white skin and were in the wrong place at the wrong time.
The increased police presence had the effect of angering the black community. Twenty years before the Los Angeles riots and OJ Simpson trial, blacks were already making statements to the press that showed a stunning lack of remorse for what was happening to their white neighbors. Howard quotes from interviews conducted by the San Francisco Examiner in 1974. Among the responses by blacks were, "I don't feel comfortable with all the police around. But then, I never have felt safe around them." A young housewife stated, "I'm really glad the police are concerned for a change. I just wonder if they would be as much concerned if it were black people getting killed." A black lawyer added, "I commend the police for their beefing up of the force, but I hope it's not just directed at blacks. I hope blacks aren't being harassed."
Still other blacks blamed "unemployment" and "oppression" for the attacks. One man said, "the madness that drives black men to kill innocent people … involves a sickness that is as American as apple pie." Black Panther leader Bobby Seale declared, "every black man in the Bay area is in danger of losing his life." The Reverend Cecil Williams claimed that the entire black community was "under a police state that could erupt into a racial war." Howard observes, "although they were responding only to a question about Operation Zebra, it was curious that none of the blacks interviewed took the occasion to condemn the unknown street killers or express sympathy for the victims."
The Nation of Islam paid for the legal representation of every one of the killers except Cooks, who immediately admitted to his murders.
It has been almost 30 years since the Zebra Killings and, with the exception of Clark Howard's book, little has been written about the murders. That is why they have disappeared from the public consciousness. At least one filmmaker who tried to get funding for a documentary on the killings has said that producers will not touch it, as it involves the taboo of black-on-white racism. Needless to say, there is no such taboo on discussing white-on-black racism. But a society that memorializes Emmett Till, Medgar Evers and James Byrd should also make room for the victims of the Zebra Killings. Justice demands it.
While serial killers are usually loners, they do sometimes murder as a group. This was one of those relatively rare instances.
And while many of the most infamous serial killers tend to be driven by lust, or greed, this case is different. These monsters simply wanted white blood on their hands.
And they got what they wanted.
Now, these horrific killings clearly fit the definition of "hate crimes." But of course, such a classification of crime did not exist in the 1970s.
But one wonders if such vile acts, were they to occur today, would be prosecuted as "hate crimes." After all, it was black-on-white, not the reverse. And prosecutors have been extremely reluctant to pursue convictions for "hate crimes" if the defendants are black.
Is this a particularly obvious example of a "hate crime"? Yes. But is it also obvious that this would be prosecuted as such, if it were to happen today? No.
And that is the problem with "hate crime" legislation: Unequal protection under the law…
Black on White
The Zebra murders were a number of connected murders committed by a black supremacist serial killer ring which took place in San Francisco, California from 1973 until 1974, and which left at least 16 people dead, and from eight (Howard) to ten (additions by Scheeres, Crime Library, and Cohen and Sanders) wounded. They were dubbed "the Zebra murders" because of the police radio unit identifier code ("Z") used by the San Francisco Police Department officers investigating this case. (Howard, SFPD Radio Unit Identifiers - 1974) The San Francisco murders appear connected to a much larger group of murders, upwards of over 100, from throughout California. (Howard, CA Dept. of Justice Task Force)
The Death Angels
The Zebra murders were the work of one unit of the Death Angels, a group within the black-power, pseudo-islamic group, the Nation of Islam. According to the NOI's beliefs, the white race was created by a black mad scientist named Yakub, who, some say, wanted a race of inferiors to rule over. Furthermore, the Death Angels believed that they could earn "points" towards Paradise when they died if they killed as many whites as possible. The NOI's teachings presented whites not as human beings, but variously as "blue-eyed devils," "white devils," and "grafted snakes."
Candidates would be invited to secret meetings at the NOI-owned Black Self-Help Moving and Storage; to attain the status of Death Angel, each man was expected to kill either nine white men, five white women or four white children. After attaining this goal, a pair of black wings would be attached to his photograph and pinned up in an upstairs room of the self-help building. Although killing and the spread of terror were their main goals, death angel candidates would often use machetes to torture victims over long periods, and some women were also the victims of rape.
While they are known to history, the Zebra murderers in San Francisco seem to have been incompetent in their work compared to the other NOI Death Angel murder squads operating elsewhere in California. The San Francisco group suffered from non-terror related criminality (theft, robbery, rape) petty rivalries and infighting. This may have led to a number of their members eventual capture and conviction. None of the Death Angel murderers outside of San Francisco, representing the vast majority of the related killings statewide, were ever caught or convicted. (Howard, CA Dept. of Justice Task Force)
The first wave of murders
On October 19, 1973 a couple, Richard and Quita Hague, were kidnapped by a group of men and forced into a white van as they took an after-dinner stroll near their home in Telegraph Hill. Quita was fondled by two men and then nearly decapitated by a third with a machete. One of the men who had fondled Quita then similarly hacked Richard and left him for dead, but he survived.
Ten days later, on October 29, Frances Rose was repeatedly shot by a man who blocked her car's path and demanded a ride, as she was driving up to the entrance gate of the University of California Extension.
On November 9, a Pacific Gas & Electric clerk, Robert Stoeckmann, was assaulted by another man but was able to take the gun away and fire back. The man, Leroy Doctor, was later arrested and convicted of assault with a deadly weapon.
Saleem "Sammy" Erekat, a Jordanian Arab Muslim, was bound and shot execution-style behind his grocery store on November 25.
On December 11, Paul Dancik, a 26-year old artist, was shot three times in the chest by a man while he was making a call at a pay phone.
Two days later, on the evening of December 13, future San Francisco mayor Art Agnos, then a member of the California Commission on Aging, was attending a meeting in Potrero Hill. Agnos was in the largely black neighborhood to discuss building a government-funded health clinic in the area. After the meeting ended, Agnos was talking to two women when a man shot him twice in the back. He barely survived the attack.
During the same evening, Marietta DiGirolamo was walking along Divisadero when she was shoved into a doorway by a man and shot twice in the chest, and when the shots spun her around, once in the back. She died.
On December 20, "Angela Roselli" (not her real name), a 20-year old college student, was shot three times — one bullet hit her spine — near her apartment by one of two men. She survived.
An 81-year-old janitor, Ilario Bertuccio, was shot that same evening on his way home from work in the Bay View district. He died almost instantly after four shots to the shoulder and chest.
On December 22, two more victims died within six minutes of each other. Neal Moynihan was killed while walking near the Civic Center after doing his Christmas shopping. A man walked in front of him and shot him in the face, neck, and heart. The killer (or perhaps a different killer; Cohen and Sanders) then chased down Mildred Hosler as she was heading to her bus stop, and shot her four times.
The killings stopped for five weeks, then resumed with a vengeance on January 28, 1974 with five more shootings: Tana Smith, Vincent Wollin, John Bambic, Jane Holly and Roxanne McMillian. Wollin had celebrated his 69th birthday that day. Only one of the victims, Roxanne McMillian, survived, although she would use a wheelchair for the rest of her life. (A sixth victim that night whom Cohen and Sanders tie to the killers, Thomas Bates, a hitchhiker who survived being shot three times near Emeryville, had earlier been mentioned by Howard, but not counted by him in that night's totals.)
Reaction to the murders
The murders caused panic. People would try to find safety in numbers whenever they would go out, and as much as possible, avoid going out at night. In reaction, an increased police presence was ordered throughout the city.
The police were baffled by the lack of motive in the killings. Brutality and an apparent lack of remorse on the part of the gunmen marked the attacks. The common denominator in all the killings was that all the killers were black, and most of the victims were white.
Based on what was initially known about the killings, there was a common pattern. In a hit-and-run shooting, the gunman would walk up to his victim, shoot the victim repeatedly at close range, and flee on foot. Another link to the shootings was the killers' preference for a 32-caliber pistol, based on the slugs recovered from the victims and the shell casings found at the crime scenes.
As a result, a special task force was formed to try to solve and stop the murders, led by Detectives Gus Coreris and John Fotinos (1925-2006). Police Chief Donald Scott assigned the "Z" frequency for their exclusive use. Since the letter Z is known in common phonetic use as "Zebra" they became known as the Zebra task force, and the murders became known as the Zebra murders.
The killings resume
On April 1, 1974, two Salvation Army cadets were walking toward Mayfair market just two blocks away from the Salvation Army School for Officers' Training Center when a black man who was following them overtook them, wheeled around, fired four shots at them, and fled. Thomas Rainwater died; Linda Story survived. Two policemen arrived at the scene within 15 seconds, and although a manhunt was initiated in an effort to find the killer, it proved to be futile. They suspected that the Zebra killers had struck again, because of the 32-caliber shell casings found on the sidewalk.
Easter Sunday, two other people, Ward Anderson and Terry White, were wounded while waiting for a bus.
April 16, 23-year old Nelson T. Shields IV, heir to a wealthy Du Pont executive, accompanied a friend who lived in the Ingleside district to buy a rug. They went back to the friend's house on Vernon St., and while Shields was working at the back of the station wagon they had borrowed to transport the rug, he was shot repeatedly. A witness later testified that she saw a black man rushing up Vernon St. at the time of the shooting. The police again suspected that it was a Zebra murder because of the .32-caliber shell casings found at the scene.[1]
Reaction to the second wave
Once again the new wave of killings brought the city to a state of shock as people took the same precautions as they had when the first wave took place. The city also took a beating economically as tourists stayed away. Streets were deserted at night even at North Beach, a neighborhood known to have a seven-nights-a-week nightlife. Police decided to take drastic measures. Inspector Gus Coreris gambled, dictating generic suspect "descriptions" to SFPD artist Hobart “Hoby” Nelson, who drew two sketches, based on them. The sketches were then distributed to the media and to SFPD officers, none of whom knew the sketches were generic imaginings. Police then fanned out, stopping and questioning 500 young men who resembled the description of the killer: a black man with a short Afro and a narrow chin.
This action by the police provoked criticism from the African-American community. Acting on a suit sponsored by the NAACP and the ACLU, U.S. District Judge Alfonso J. Zirpoli ruled that the widespread profiling of African-Americans was unconstitutional, and the operation was suspended.
The ruling was a blow to the SFPD, which felt crippled in its efforts to stop the Zebra killers. As a result, it resorted to contributing to a reward that, through several private and public donors, totaled $30,000, for information leading to the arrest of the killers.
Arrest and conviction
When Anthony Harris, an employee at the Black Self-Help Moving and Storage in Market Street, and Death Angel candidate, saw the sketches in the newspaper, his active imagination concluded that one of the sketches was of him. Seeing the reward as a way of helping his family, gaining immunity from prosecution, and securing a new identity, he called the police and told them about the "Death Angels."
Harris revealed the existence of the group to the police, and told them of a homicide which did not make the papers; it was that of a homeless man who they kidnapped from Ghirardelli Square. They brought the man to Black Self-Help, gagged and tied him up, and while he was still conscious, took turns hacking away his limbs. Harris told the detectives that they dumped the body into San Francisco Bay. He told his story in such detail that the police were convinced of its veracity.
Harris provided the police with names, dates, addresses and details — enough information to issue warrants against the suspects.
On May 1, simultaneous raids during the pre-dawn hours were made, resulting in the arrests of Larry Craig Green and J.C.X. Simon in an apartment building at 844 Grove Street. More suspects were arrested at Black Self-Help. No one offered resistance when arrested.
Of the seven arrested that day, four were released for lack of evidence.
Mayor Alioto announced the news of the raids and announced that the killings were perpetrated by the Death Angels. Almost at once, local black leaders denounced the arrests, claiming that they had racist undertones. Black Muslim leader John Muhammad, the minister of Mosque #26 in San Francisco, denied the allegations of a Black Muslim conspiracy to kill whites.
However, there was enough evidence to prove the case against the "Death Angels". The trial started on March 3, 1975. Efforts by the defense to discredit Harris were to no avail, as he spilled all the grisly details over 12 days of testimony. In addition, the Zebra team presented evidence of a .32 caliber Beretta automatic pistol that was recovered from the backyard of a home near the scene of the last murder. They were able to demonstrate the chain of ownership of the gun to one of the workers at Black Self-Help. They also showed that it was used in many of the murders.
Based on the testimony of 108 witnesses (including Harris), 8000 pages totaling 3.5 million words worth of transcripts, and culminating in what was then the longest criminal trial in California history, Larry Green, J.C.X. Simon, Manuel Moore and Jessie Lee Cooks were convicted of first-degree murder and conspiracy to commit first-degree murder after an 18-hour deliberation by the jury in 1976. Each was sentenced to life imprisonment.
While the Zebra killings were officially solved, some members of the Zebra task force suspected that at least 71 murders throughout California could have been the work of various other Death Angels squads. Since many victims were drawn from the ranks of the homeless or hitchhikers, there is no certainty about the actual numbers. Today the murders have been largely forgotten — even within San Francisco — despite the enormity of the crimes when they happened and the great effect they had on the city. Only two books on the subject have been published, Zebra (1979), by Clark Howard which is currently out of print and The Zebra Murders: A Season of Killing, Racial Madness, and Civil Rights (2006) by Prentice Earl Sanders and Bennett Cohen.
